P2- Unit 9

Network protocols and standards

Task 2 (P2)

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol)

TCP/IP is several communication protocols used to connect hosts on the internet. It uses several protocols, including TCP and IP. Web browsers use TCP when they connect to servers on the internet. It is also used to deliver email and transfer files to different locations.

AppleTalk

AppleTalk is a relatively cheap local-area network architecture built into Apple Macintosh computers and laser printers. AppleTalk supports Apple’s local talk cabling system, as well as Ethernet.it will connect Mac computers and printers if they are all equipped with AppleTalk hardware and software.[1]

UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

UDP is a transport layer protocol that uses the IP network layer protocol. It provides a datagram service to an IP host. UDP is an unreliable service that provides no guarantees for delivery and no security from duplication.[2]

802.11

802.11 And 802.11x is a family of wireless technologies that have been developed by the IEEE. 802.11 is an over the air (OTA) interface that is between a wireless client e.g. a smartphone and a base station. It can also be used between two wireless clients. E.g. an iPhone can be tethered with an iPad to provide Wi-Fi between the two. There are quite a few different specifications in the 802.11 family.

802.11 applies to wireless Local Access Networks and will provide a 1-2 mbps speed the 2.4GHz frequency.

802.11a is an extension to 802.11 that applies to wireless Local Access Networks and provides up to 54-Mbps on the 5GHz frequency.

802.11b is an extension that can provide 11Mbps speeds on the 2.4GHz frequency.

802.11g applies to wireless LANs and used for wireless data transmission over short distances at up 54 Mbps in the 2.4GHz frequency.

802.11n is a wireless technology that can include multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO). The second transmitter and receiver antennas allow increased data through increased range. The real speed of this is 100Mbit/s.

802.11ac can deliver data speeds of up to 433Mbps per spatial stream or 1.3Gbps in a three antenna design. This operates on the 5GHz frequency.

Infrared

Infrared in mobile phones uses infrared waves to send data from one mobile phone to another. Infrared works to different to other wireless sending media because both phones have to be in very close proximity and in line of each other. Both sensors must be facing each other in order for the infrared to work.

3G

3G is an abbreviation of third generation of mobile telecommunications technology. 3G is based on a set of standards used for mobile devices and mobile telecommunications that comply with the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 specification by the International Telecommunication Union. 3G is used for a wide range of services, such as telephony, mobile internet access, fixed wireless internet access, video chats and mobile TV.

3G can provide mobile data at a transfer rate of at least 200kbit/s.

4G

4G is short for fourth generation of mobile communications technology. It is a faster and more adapted version of 3G. 4G provides ultra-broadband internet access as well as the normal voice and SMS services. 4G users can often get speeds beyond 100Mbps which can support high quality video streaming. There were pre-4G technologies available by network operators but it would often fall short of 100Mbps

802.2

802.2 divides the data link between sub layers in the OSI model. It defines Logical Link Control, which is the upper portion of the OSI model. The 802.2 sub layer adds some control information to the message that has been created by the upper layer.

802.3

802.3 is the standard which Ethernet operates by. It is the standard for CSMA/CD. CSMA/CD is what Ethernet uses to control access to the network cable. The original 802.3 standard is 10Mbps.

FDDI

FDDI is a set of ANSI protocols for sending data over fibre optic cabling. FDDI networks are token passing networks and support data rates of up to 100 Mbps. FDDI networks are commonly used with WANs

802.5

The token is a frame that is designed to travel to each node around the ring. When it doesn’t have any data attached to it, a node on the network can modify the frame. Each node on the network checks the token as it passes through to see if the data is connected to that node.

Bluetooth

Bluetooth is a wireless technology for exchanging data over a short distance. The Bluetooth chip is mainly used in computers, mobile devices and digital cameras. Bluetooth uses a special radio frequency to transmit data. It is very secure and can connect up to eight devices at any one time.

Factors affecting range and speed of wireless technologies

Electronic Interference

Wireless networks commonly use the 2.4GHz frequency wave to send and receive data. When there are other nearby devices such as mobiles and tablets emit this frequency, they will interfere with the networks signal. Once the interference stops the network returns to optimal speeds.

Physical Obstacles

Physical obstacles can cause interference for wireless signals. When the data is being sent through the signals through large obstacles, degradation occurs because the object absorbs the signals and scatters it. Thicker objects such as thick walls absorb a larger portion of the signals.

Bandwidth Use

Network traffic can affect the performance of other devices attached to the network. Bandwidth determines the maximum data rate that can be transferred over a network.

Domain Name System (DNS)

A DNS protocol maps text names to IP addresses automatically. Before DNS was created, computers used simple text file maintained by the network information centre that mapped names to IP addresses. By having DNS, when searching for webpages all you would have to remember is www.apple.com instead of an IP address like 216.27.22.162.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

A DHCP protocol assigns dynamic IP addressed to devices on a network. With dynamic addressing, a device can have a different IP address every time it connects to the network.

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

HTTP is the underlying used by the World Wide Web. It defines how messages are formatted and transmitted and what actions web browsers should take in response to various commands. E.g. when you enter a websites URL into your web browser, this sends a HTTP command to the web server directing it to fetch the web page.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

The FTP protocol exchanges files over the internet. It works in the same way as HTTP. FTP uses the internet’s TCP/IP protocols to enable data transfer.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

SMTP is a protocol for sending e-mail messages between web servers. A lot of e-mail systems that send mail over the internet use SMTP to send messages from one server to another. These messages can then be retrieved by using an e-mail client that supports either POP or IMAP.

Post Office Protocol (POP)

The POP protocol is used to retrieve e-mail from a mail server. On most e-mail applications, you can use POP to retrieve e-mails or IMAP. POP3 can be used to send messages to another mail server without the use of SMTP.